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By Sir Martin Gilbert
Winston Churchill
The Allied governments and their leaders have often been
accused of failing to respond quickly enough to Nazi persecution of the Jews.
In this article, Martin Gilbert focusses on the
attempts made by Winston Churchill to respond to the crisis, both in private
and as
From the start of the persecution of the Jews in
The German invasion of the
'None has suffered more cruelly than the Jew the unspeakable evils wrought upon the bodies and spirits of men by Hitler and his vile regime. The Jew bore the brunt of the Nazi's first onslaught upon the citadels of freedom and human dignity. He has borne and continued to bear a burden that might have seen beyond endurance. He has not allowed it to break his spirit; he has never lost the will to resist. Assuredly in the day of victory the Jew's suffering and his part in the struggle will not be forgotten.'
'... 4000 Jewish children had been deported.'
The deportations from
'... the most bestial, the most
squalid and the most senseless of all their offences, namely, the mass
deportation of Jews from
President Roosevelt
Churchill was vigilant in trying to help those Jews who
could get out of
'... went to the length of preventing these unfortunate people seeking safety from the horrors of Nazi domination, and if they went farther and committed the offence of actually handing them back to the German authorities, that was a thing which could never be forgotten and would poison the relations between the Spanish and British peoples'.
At the Bermuda Conference on Refugees in May 1943 it was proposed to allow
all Jewish refugees who reached
'Our immediate facilities for helping the victims of Hitler's anti-Jewish drive are so limited at present that the opening of the small camp proposed for the purpose of removing some of them to safety seems all the more incumbent on us.'
Churchill sought a means of halting German atrocities. It might, he told the War Cabinet, have a 'salutary effect' on the Germans if Britain, America and the Soviet Union announced, "that a number of German officers or members of the Nazi Party, equal to those put to death by the Germans in the various countries, would be returned to those countries after the war for judgement". All those responsible for, or having taken a consenting part 'in atrocities, massacres and executions' were to be sent back to the countries 'in which their abominable deeds were done in order that they might be judged and punished according to the laws of those liberated countries'.
'The Allies would pursue the ranks of the guilty to the uttermost ends of the earth.'
On November 1 1943 the Allies issued the Moscow Declaration, which followed almost exactly the wording of Churchill's proposal. The Allies would pursue 'the ranks of the guilty to the uttermost ends of the earth' and would deliver them to their accusers 'in order that justice may be done'.
To help refugees, in March 1944 Churchill by-passed the pre-war British
government's restrictions on Jewish immigration to
In March 1944 German troops occupied
'... this is the most horrible crime ever committed ...'
With regard to how the British should react to a Jewish appeal for publicity of the atrocities, Churchill replied: 'I am entirely in accord with making the biggest outcry possible.' This too was done.
'There is no doubt this is the most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world, and it has been done by scientific machinery by nominally civilised men in the name of a great State and one of the leading races of Europe. It is quite clear that all concerned in this crime who may fall into our hands, including the people who only obeyed orders by carrying out the butcheries, should be put to death after their association with the murders has been proved.'
In London, Churchill continued to press the War Office to agree to an all-Jewish military force to join the Allied armies, writing on July 26: 'I like the idea of the Jews trying to get the murderers of their fellow countrymen in Central Europe, and I think it would give a great deal of satisfaction to the United States.'
In October 1944, as further news about the killings at
On April 18 1945 General Eisenhower telephoned Churchill
about the entry of his troops into a number of concentration camps in Western
and
'The matter is of urgency, as of course, it is not possible to arrest the processes of decay in many cases. In view of this urgency, I have come to the conclusion that eight members of this House and two members of the House of Lords should form a Parliamentary Delegation and should travel out at once to the Supreme Headquarters, where General Eisenhower will make all necessary arrangements for their inspection of the scenes, whether in American or British sectors.'
'People are profoundly shocked here,' Churchill telegraphed to Eisenhower that evening.
From the first to the last day of the war, the fate of the Jews was something on which Churchill took immediate and positive action whenever he was asked to do so. In addition, in 1940 he refused to contemplate making peace with Hitler, and for the next four years used every fibre of his being to devise means of defeating Hitler. Even when the Gestapo system was in the ascendant over much of Europe, at the very time when most Jews were being murdered, Churchill had faith that it would one day be possible to defeat Nazism altogether. This faith communicated itself to the ghettos and was itself a potent factor for morale behind German lines.